Scale is a crucial concept that helps us reduce the magnitude of objects or distances down to manageable sizes. It can be used to navigate maps, create scaled drawings, and design models of buildings or vehicles.

The participants of this survey were also asked to add free-text comments on other types or definitions of scale that they consider important for their work. Some of these are presented below.

Definition

Scale is a ratio that represents the relationship between a model or drawing of something and its actual size. Examples include a scale model of a building and scale drawings that show its elevations or plans.

In mapping, scale refers to the fraction of a distance that is represented by one unit in a map compared to its actual size on the earth’s surface. For example, data at a scale of 1:1,000,000 is a much larger representation of geographic phenomena than data at a scale of 1:10,000,000.

In music, a scale is a fixed sequence of musical notes that rise in pitch over an interval of a specified number of steps. For example, a C major scale starts at middle C and ascends an octave to C7. Designers use scale to help bring real-world objects and distances into a more manageable size. For example, a designer might make a car appear much smaller than a person in an infographic to emphasize portability.

Examples

You might hear the word “scale” used a lot by people who work with geographic information, such as maps. But there are several different meanings to the word, and they depend on how you’re using it.

Depending on what you’re measuring, you might use a nominal, ordinal, interval or ratio scale variable. For example, if you record how long it takes someone to answer a question, you’re probably using an interval scale variable. That’s because the data points can be compared, and addition and subtraction are possible.

If you’re rating customer satisfaction, you might be using a Likert scale variable, which is an ordinal scale. These scales usually have five categories that use adverbs of degree such as very strongly, fairly and so on to indicate the different levels. A ratio scale is used for measurements such as weight. These scales typically divide a straight line into main parts, and the first part is sub-divided into smaller parts.

Applications

Scale is an important concept in many fields of study. For example, it can be used to help shrink large real-world objects into small representations, such as maps and drawings. It can also be applied to data in order to compare measurements or results from different sources or populations. This quantification reduces the subjectivity of assessments and provides analytical rigor that can enhance the credibility of research results.

In business, scaling is the process of expanding a company’s production levels and customer outreach in a sustainable manner. This allows businesses to maximize revenue without incurring proportional increases in costs.

Internal economies of scale allow businesses to distribute fixed costs across a larger volume of output, reducing average unit costs and improving price competitiveness in the marketplace. Economies of scale can also be achieved through increased operational efficiency, which can lead to greater profitability and business growth. A key aspect of business scaling is adaptability, allowing companies to adjust their operations to new market trends and customer preferences.

Limitations

Many studies have reported limitations related to the development of scales. These limitations can weaken the obtained psychometric results, limiting their future applicability and hampering their generalizability. Some of the most commonly reported limitations are lack of a clear definition of construct domain, inadequate use of techniques that can help establish construct validity (e.g., exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis), limited or improper use of modification indices, and poor temporal stability.

Another limitation is that respondents may interpret the points on a scale differently, leading to inconsistent responses. For example, “agree” might mean different things to different people, and they may interpret “neutral” as either agree or disagree.

Another limitation is that researchers must be careful to avoid social desirability bias, which can cause respondents to provide responses that they think will please others. Finally, parallax error can occur when the scale and the object being measured are not aligned properly. This can lead to inaccurate measurements.

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Measures are data points that can be used to track and quantify business performance. They are often represented as a percentage of total sales. Metrics and measures help you set targets for your business and evaluate progress toward those goals.

Most measurements are based on some kind of standard, like the length of an inch or the weight of a pound. These standards come from historical agreements and laws.

Units

The units used to describe macroscopic quantities are determined by the International System of Units (SI). The SI contains base and derived units for all physical quantities, such as length and mass. Unit conversions between these and other units are much simpler within the metric system than between metric and non-metric systems, thanks to its coherence and its use of prefixes that act as powers-of-10 multipliers.

Historically many of the standard units were based on aspects of human dimensions, such as the cubit, based on the length of the forearm; the pace, based on the distance of one stride; and the foot and hand. These are called anthropic units, and they can vary from person to person.

Ideally we would like to have a uniform system of measurement, based on microscopic features of matter and fundamental laws of physics, such as the speed of light. This is the goal of metrology, which is a scientific discipline whose aim is to establish internationally agreed standards for weights and measures.

Types

The measurement of a physical quantity requires a standardized unit. The chosen standard is called a fundamental or base unit and is used as the basis for obtaining other derived units by combining it with other physical quantities. For example, the unit of length is the meter (symbol: m), a definite predetermined value.

The choice of a unit is important and can have consequences. In particular, mistakes in converting from one system of measurement to another can have serious effects. The Air Canada Boeing 767 that ran out of fuel in mid-flight in 1983 was a result of a mistake in converting from imperial to metric measurements.

A measure has three kinds of information: the size or magnitude of the measurement (a number); a standardized unit to compare it with; and an indication of its uncertainty (see Figure 1.19). Each of these components is discussed in more detail below. The uncertainty of a measurement is usually expressed using the terms precision and accuracy.

Magnitude

The magnitude of a scalar (non-vector) quantity provides a numerical value that indicates its size. It can be either an absolute or a relative measure, depending on the unit of measurement used to express it.

In astronomy, the magnitude of a star or other celestial object measures how bright it appears to be. The brightest stars have magnitudes near zero, and the dimmer ones have magnitudes further away from zero. The magnitude scale is arranged in a way that makes it easier to compare the brightness of different objects.

The ancient Greek scientist Hipparchus developed the system of magnitudes for stars, which groups them into six categories based on their brightness as seen by the eye. This is an approximate scale, but it works reasonably well. The human eye has a logarithmic response to changes in brightness, so that each increment of one magnitude corresponds roughly to a doubling in brightness. This is why magnitudes are often expressed as numbers multiplied by a power of ten, rather than by a base-10 number like 10 or 100.

Uncertainty

Uncertainty is the extent to which a measurement result varies from its true value. It is the result of a combination of factors such as: limitations to the precision and accuracy of measuring instruments; the inherently variable nature of the phenomena being measured (e.g. the period of oscillation of a pendulum can vary by a number of seconds); and the limits of human knowledge.

It is impossible to achieve a single, exact measurement of any quantity, even with the most precise instrument or technique. Every measurement involves error, and these errors can be either random or systematic.

The aim of calculating uncertainty values is to give an indication of the likely range of measurement results within which the true value may lie, assuming that the underlying phenomenon remains constant. For this reason, uncertainty is also referred to as confidence intervals. For more information on measurement uncertainty and how to calculate it, see the ‘Metrology’ section of this site.

All around us there is mass, from the paper we write on to the computer keyboard we use. Even the air we breathe has mass.

People weigh stuff all the time using balances. But if you went to the moon or to Jupiter, your weight would change, but not your mass. This is because mass is not affected by gravity, whereas weight is.

Units of Measurement

A system of measurement is a set of units used to quantify quantities like length, mass and time. Different systems of measurement have been used over the centuries, but as science progressed a need arose for a universal system. This led to the development of the International System of Units or SI (from the French, “Le Système d’unités”).

The seven base units of the SI are the kilogram, the meter, the second, the ampere, the kelvin, the mole and the candela. Three of these, the mole and candela, depend on the definition of the kilogram.

In the past, a physical artifact was used to define these and other base units, but scientists have discovered that it is possible to use constants of nature to provide more stable and consistent definitions of units. For example, the new definition of the kilogram uses a value for Planck’s constant and the Avogadro constant instead of the actual kilogram artifact in Paris.

Methods of Measurement

Mass measurement is a key part of chemistry labs. In general, it is measured using a balance scale, which works by measuring the force of gravity acting on an unknown sample. The scale is then calibrated and displayed in units of mass.

Another common instrument for measuring mass is the spring scale, which measures the amount of force exerted on an object by the elasticity of a calibrated spring. This type of scale is often used in households.

For liquids or materials that cannot be weighed on standard balances, transducers are often used to measure mass properties. These devices send a signal to a processor, which makes the mass calculations and displays them on an indicator.

NIST scientists are developing methods for direct mass measurement that use quantities proportional to the mass-to-charge ratio of ions, either in their time-of-flight through a Penning trap (SPEG at GANIL) or their cyclotron frequency in an ISOLTRAP storage ring or a magnetic spectrometer (TOFI at LANL). These techniques may allow us to extend the known mass table far beyond the proton drip line.

Instruments

In the field of measurement, instruments are used to acquire and compare physical quantities. The process of measurement gives a number relating the item under study to an established standard object or event. Measuring instruments can range from simple objects like rulers to complex equipment such as electron microscopes.

For mass measurements, the most common instruments are balances and scales. The scale is the most common example; a person stands on the device and it obtains a person’s body weight, using Newton’s second law of motion which states that force equals mass times acceleration.

A more precise instrument is a beam balance. This device has two pans and a sliding weight on a beam. By placing a known weight in one pan and the unknown object in the other, the balance determines the difference in weight and therefore the mass of the object. Other instruments that measure mass include spring balances and electronic balances. These devices use different methods for measuring, ranging from measuring the length of an object to determining a pressure reading.

Applications

Whether one buys groceries, takes medication, designs a bridge or space shuttle, or trades commodities across borders, mass measurements play a critical role in our daily lives. Since the dawn of humankind, we have relied on balances and weight standards to measure mass to ensure equity and equivalence in commerce.

Unlike traditional measuring tools like rulers and tape measures, which infer mass from other physical properties of the object or sample, mass photometry directly measures true molecular mass. This enables you to study protein oligomerisation and aggregation, characterise samples in terms of stability or heterogeneity, determine stoichiometry of biochemical reactions, and much more.

From macro scale vibration frequency sensing via spring balances, to micro and nanoscale resonator devices used in mass spectrometry, the technology is advancing rapidly to meet the needs of a wide range of applications. Check out our application page on optomechanical mass sensing for more information.

When it comes to automated weighing, successful implementation requires careful planning. This helps businesses to avoid costly mistakes, reduce waste, and ensures that all processes meet strict quality standards.

Process weighing can involve monitoring level or inventory, discharging material by weight, batch blending, and more. However, it is important to remember that any balance must be “exercised” before taking a reading.

Direct Weighing

Weighing a substance directly on the balance pan is straightforward and quick, making it an ideal solution when precision is not a priority. The lack of additional steps, such as taring the container, also reduces operational costs.

With this method, you first weigh the exact mass of the weighing bottle and then subtract it from the actual drug’s mass on the balance to get the precise measurement you need. This eliminates the need for a tared container and prevents tare errors from affecting subsequent readings.

This method is ideal for pharmaceuticals and chemicals, where accurate measurements are critical, and jewellery and gemology, where even the slightest discrepancy could affect value. However, this process is not foolproof and should be supplemented with protocols for checking results and recording data. In addition, automation does not negate the need for staff training. It’s crucial that employees have the skills to operate the system, so you should establish a smooth onboarding process.

Pre-Weighing

The pre-weighing process is essential for many manufacturing sectors. It helps ensure the right quantity of each ingredient is available and can help in predicting any shortages or overages. It’s particularly important in industries where accurate measurements are paramount, such as food and pharmaceuticals, where a single mistake can lead to costly product recalls and health risks for consumers.

The use of advanced batching control systems that are designed for precision, accuracy and streamlined inventory management can simplify the pre-weighing process. This eliminates manual interventions and reduces the risk of error, helping to maintain the integrity of each batch.

Automated weighing systems can also help to improve the onboarding process for new staff, as they reduce the traditional learning curve and can be used by anyone with minimal training. This helps to speed up the hiring process and reduce time to productivity.

Balance Validation

Using balance validation to cross-check data during period-end close and to comply with financial regulations is an important task that can help make more informed business decisions. Specifically, it can verify that G/L account balances don’t deviate too far from the comparison period and ensure that depreciation is less than original cost of assets and that open-item-managed G/L accounts have zero unapplied transaction balances.

Regular balance testing is an essential part of the weighing process and can reduce human error in your laboratory. In addition to verifying the repeatability of a balance’s weighing results, routine testing can help improve cornerload, linearity, and span. For example, testing for cornerload ensures that your scale displays the same results no matter where you place an object on the pan for weighing purposes. Similarly, testing for linearity helps ensure that your scale reads the correct value throughout its entire range, such as from zero to half capacity, when using two calibration weights.

Automated Weighing

Many manufacturing tasks require the use of a scale to ensure accuracy. These systems are often automated to reduce labor costs, improve efficiency and decrease errors. Whether used for quality control, dispensing, or inventory monitoring, these systems help your business complete essential tasks without a human touch. This helps save your company money in worker wages, regulatory fees, and customer refunds. Automated systems are able to process high volumes of items quickly, providing real-time data without a delay.

For example, an automated system might monitor the weight of containers as they move through your production line and trigger alarms when a container exceeds or falls below an established range. This could prevent product recalls and minimize material waste. Additionally, these systems are often designed to integrate with your existing information systems to streamline data collection and monitoring. This supports better inventory management, improved workflows, and ensures compliance with industry standards and regulations.

Many health conditions and medications can affect your ability to maintain a healthy weight. Getting to your natural set point weight can help ease the symptoms of these conditions.

You can make positive changes to your eating habits by keeping high-calorie foods out of sight, using smaller plates and bowls and drinking water or low-calorie drinks between scheduled meal times.

1. Eat a Balanced Diet

A balanced diet is key for maintaining a healthy lifestyle. But what exactly is a balanced diet? And how can you get one? Gabriella Leary, PA with CMC Primary Care-Surfside Beach explains.

It’s recommended to fill half of your plate with nonstarchy vegetables and eat plenty of fruits. Also add a quarter plate of whole grains like brown rice, quinoa and oats to provide fiber, B vitamins and calcium. Finally, include a source of protein from sources such as nuts and beans, or lean meats and fish. Also include healthy fats such as avocados, olive oil and nut butters in moderation.

It’s important to remember that dietary guidelines are general recommendations and may not be appropriate for everyone. If you have specific dietary needs, talk to your healthcare provider about creating a more tailored nutritional plan for you.

3. Get Enough Sleep

Getting enough sleep isn’t just a biological necessity; it also supports weight loss and maintenance. Sleep deprivation disrupts the balance of glucose and insulin levels, as well as the signaling hormones leptin and ghrelin, which play a significant role in appetite control. Chronic sleep deprivation can lead to increased cravings for ultra palatable foods and may contribute to the overconsumption of calories, which can lead to weight gain. Practice good sleep hygiene by avoiding caffeine and other stimulants before bed, setting a regular sleep schedule, minimizing time spent on screens (such as computers, TVs and cell phones) and creating a relaxing bedtime ritual.

4. Reduce Stress

Stress can make it harder to eat consistently or avoid cravings, which may lead to overeating and weight gain. Practicing techniques for reducing stress can help you stick to your healthy diet and maintain a stable weight. Some of these include keeping a food journal, eating mindfully and staying well hydrated.

Studies have linked stress and obesity from cognitive, behavioral and physiological perspectives. One study found that a 2-month stress management program resulted in significant differences in BMI, depression, anxiety, mood and health-related quality of life compared to a control group.

Other ways to reduce stress include getting enough sleep and making exercise a priority. Try to take a short walk at lunch or head to the gym after work. Regular exercise can also improve your mood, so it’s a double win!

5. Stay Hydrated

Insufficient fluids can hinder normal bodily functions, such as digesting food and removing waste. This can cause bloating, heartburn, constipation and diarrhea.

Water is the best drink for hydration, but other beverages with few calories (like tea and coffee) can be beneficial. Aim for eight glasses a day or one-third of your body weight in ounces.

Water is especially important before and after exercise. It helps to regulate body temperature and promotes muscle growth. It also prevents dehydration during high-intensity workouts. If you do sweat a lot, replenish fluids with sports drinks or electrolyte-infused snacks, such as berries, melon and bell peppers. These can also provide a good source of carbohydrates and protein. Avoid sugary drinks, which have added calories and can lead to weight gain.

A scale is a ratio that equates one quantity to another. It is used in a variety of fields, including geography and statistics. A scale is a useful tool for understanding the data in a research project.

When developing a new scale, it is important to test the potential items on a diverse sample. This can help to avoid a bias in the results.

Interval scales

Interval scales allow you to quantify data by assigning a numerical value. They are the third level of measurement after nominal and ordinal data and are more useful for carrying out statistical analyses. Interval scales can be categorized as either discrete or continuous and may have one or more categories. For example, the question “How many times did you use the library in the past month?” can be analyzed using an interval scale.

A distinguishing feature of interval scales is that they don’t have a true zero point. Examples of such scales are everyday measurements like Celsius and Fahrenheit. The absence of a true zero point makes interval scales less suitable for mathematical analysis than ratio scales, such as Kelvin.

In order to construct an interval scale, you need a set of items that relate to the dimension that you are trying to measure. The number of items needed depends on how precise an estimate of the entity’s position on the scale you need to make, and how costly it would be to collect more than a certain number of items.

Likert scales

Likert scales are simple, flexible interval rating scales used to collect data from survey participants. They are useful for assessing attitudes, opinions, and feelings. These rating scales allow respondents to select options that best describe their reactions to a question or statement. Likert scales also have the advantage of providing a more nuanced response than yes/no or multiple choice questions.

Likert scales typically include five or seven responses, often with a neutral middle option. It is recommended that these response options use descriptive terms rather than numbers to avoid ambiguity. It is also a good idea to have odd number of options so that there is a midpoint. Even-numbered options force respondents to choose a direction, which can lead to inaccurate responses.

When using a Likert scale, it is important to treat the data as interval level, meaning that the distances between the response categories are equal. This is because many statistical analyses, including regression, ANOVA, and discriminant analysis, are tolerant of interval data.

Bipolar scales

Psychiatric rating scales are useful for gathering objective information about a patient’s symptoms and functioning. However, they must be used with caution. They can overstate the presence of certain symptoms or misrepresent the symptomatic severity of others. They can also result in a diagnosis that is not supported by clinical experience.

Existing depression rating instruments do not adequately capture the phenomenological nuances of bipolar depression. The BSDS mitigates this problem by providing clinicians with a rating instrument that is tailored to the phenomenology of bipolar disorder.

The BSDS was developed by Ronald Pies, professor of psychiatry at Tufts University School of Medicine and SUNY Upstate Medical University. It can help a mental health professional assess whether a patient has bipolar disorder and identify milder cases. It also helps clinicians recognize subclinical depression, which is often misdiagnosed as unipolar. However, it is important to remember that a rating scale cannot confirm a bipolar disorder diagnosis. A thorough interview with the patient is needed.

Ratio scales

Ratio scales are a type of quantitative variable measurement scale that incorporates the characteristics of interval, ordinal, and nominal scales. They feature a true zero point and allow researchers to compare values in equal intervals. They also work well with descriptive and inferential statistical analysis techniques.

They offer precise measurement and a clear zero point, which makes them ideal for measuring things such as weight, height, and time. For example, a survey question asking respondents to rate their height might use a ratio scale, with zero representing no height and allowing meaningful comparisons such as “twice as tall.” They also enable the calculation of a range of statistical analyses such as mean, median, mode, and standard deviation. These properties make them useful for a wide variety of applications, including business and social research. In addition, they can be used to create cross-tabulation tables, which help businesses establish correlations between variables. This information can be used to inform decision-making and improve performance.

To get the most out of your metrics, prioritize what’s most important to stakeholders and refine them so that they’re feasible to track. Make sure your metrics are visible to the right people to foster a culture of accountability and ownership.

In mathematics, a measure is a function assigning to each set of a countable disjoint union a value such that it has sigma finiteness and countable additivity.

Types of Measures

Measures are used in Power BI to create dynamic, context-dependent calculations and add values to visualizations. They differ from Calculated Columns which are static values that cannot be altered or created within a report.

There are four types of measurement scales (nominal, ordinal, interval and ratio) that classify gathered data into distinct variables for different purposes. Each scale has its own properties and benefits.

All measurements are statistical in nature, and the process of measurement involves reducing uncertainty to arrive at an estimated value. Therefore, the final result is not necessarily an exact representation of the underlying property being measured.

In general, a measure is based on an agreed upon standard, such as the International System of Units (SI) – the seven fundamental units are kilogram, metre, candela, second, ampere, kelvin and mole. Other common measures include time, length, weight and temperature. All of these are derived from historically agreed upon standards, not any inherent physical properties or characteristics of the objects being measured.

Units of Measures

Like a graph without axis labels, a quantity without its corresponding unit of measure is meaningless. Units of measurement are defined and regulated for the sake of consistency, clarity, and precision in science and commerce. A single physical unit — the meter, for example — may be defined and used in many different ways.

Historically, units of measure were often based on the dimensions of human beings, such as the cubit based on arm length or the pace based on the distance of a stride. More recently, scientific societies have developed and agreed upon a universal system of units called the International System of Units or SI that contains seven base units (see Table 2.5.1).

The metric system, for example, relies on such units as the meter for length and the kilogram for mass. Conversions between these and other units of measures are made possible by decimal prefixes that add to or subtract from the base units.

Measurement Methods

Measurement techniques are the tools, devices and strategies that enable accurate and precise data collection. They are an essential part of engineering and allow for the assessment, monitoring and optimization of processes. These tools also ensure that all aspects of an engineering project are in line with set standards and safety precautions.

There are two kinds of measurement methods: direct and indirect. In direct measurement, the value of a quantity is measured directly in accordance with its definition. Examples include the use of scales, vernier callipers and micrometers. In indirect measurement, the value of a quantity is obtained by measuring other quantities that are functionally related to it. Examples include the use of dial gauges, gauge blocks and ring gauges.

In both methods, the measurements are subject to error. However, the errors can be minimized by using suitable measurement techniques and ensuring that the instrument used is working correctly. In addition, the results are compared with reference values that have been calibrated to produce known uncertainty levels.

Measurement Standards

A measurement standard is the physical embodiment of a unit of measure to which other measurement devices can be calibrated. It can be a physical object or a measuring instrument that can be used to define, realize, conserve, and reproduce units of measurement, such as the international prototype kilogram consisting of a platinum-iridium bar kept at the International Bureau of Weights and Measures in Sevres, France. A measurement standard can also be a reference material that is used to ensure traceability of a measurement.

NIST is responsible for maintaining national standards—realizations of the SI—for most basic measurement quantities and many derived measurement quantities. These include, for example, the seven fundamental metric system base units of length, mass and time; atomic clocks that serve as the foundation for civilian time in the United States; and a wide range of measurement tools that help scientists and industry develop advanced products. There are many other categories of measurement for which there are not yet standards, but for which there is a strong desire to have standards available.

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Having consistent measurements allows scientists to work together worldwide without having to convert units. This is why the metric system is used in scientific research and technology development.

One of the seven SI base measurement units is mass. The smallest unit of mass is the kilogram (kg). A balance, like the one pictured below, is used to measure mass.

What is Mass?

It’s important to understand the difference between mass and weight. People often use these terms interchangeably, but they have different meanings. Mass is a property of matter, which includes all atoms and molecules that make up an object. Weight is a force that depends on the gravitational acceleration of an object. An object’s weight can change depending on where it is located, but its mass will remain the same.

To measure an object’s mass, scientists use a balance. While a balance is not perfect because it requires gravity to work, it gives the correct value for an object’s mass regardless of where it is in the universe. A scale might give a different result, but that is only because it relies on gravity to work.

The international standard for mass is the kilogram, one of the seven SI base measurement units. The kilogram is a special cylinder of platinum-iridium that is kept at NIST and serves as the world’s mass standard.

What is the International Prototype Kilogram?

For a century, the kilogram — or Le Grand K, as it’s known to scientists and fans of metrology — was a keystone in the International System of Units. It underpinned the definitions of four SI base units, including the gram, newton and candela; as well as a long list of derived SI units that include the pascal, sievert, farad, henry and radian.

Kept in a triple-locked vault at the BIPM on the outskirts of Paris, this standard iridium-platinum cylinder was considered to be exactly equal to one kilogram. Its weight was also the reference for all national mass standards, which were verified against it or a set of national prototypes at regular intervals.

But the IPK isn’t invariant, and comparisons of prototypes over time have shown that their masses are drifting. This has prompted a major revision of the kilogram’s definition, with a new definition based on an invariant physical constant. This change is expected to usher in innovations that will improve mass measurements in science, industry and climate study.

How is Mass Measured?

In scientific settings, mass is commonly measured with lab equipment like balances. These devices counteract the downward force of gravity and give a more accurate measure of matter.

While many people use the terms “mass” and “weight” interchangeably, they actually mean different things. Weight is the downward force exerted on an object’s matter by gravity; mass is the amount of matter in an object.

When we weigh something on a scale, we’re really measuring an unknown object’s comparison to a known object with the same weight. The scale takes the gravitational field of Earth into account and gives us a reading that tells us how much an object’s matter is worth. A balance can be used to find an object’s mass even in space or places with no gravity, since changes in gravity affect both objects on the balance equally. Mass does not depend on an object’s shape, location or size, but it is influenced by the amount of force required to accelerate it a given distance.

What is the Metric System?

Metric measurement is the worldwide standard, with only a few partial holdouts (such as the United States, which greets meters and liters with suspicion and bewilderment). Scientists all over the world use metric units for all measurements, which saves a lot of back-and-forth conversions. The metric system is based on a set of independent dimensions that exist in nature, called base units. These are the meter for length, are for area, stere for capacity, and kilogram for mass. These are augmented by derived units such as the second, ampere, degree Kelvin, and candela.

The metric system is easy to use. All metric units are related by powers of 10, so converting from one unit to another is usually just a matter of moving the decimal point a few places. In addition, all metric units share the same prefixes (kilo-, hecto-, deka-, centi-, and milli-). This allows for flexibility as well as a high level of accuracy.